Evaluating the Factors Influencing E-book Technology Acceptance among School Children Using TOPSIS Technique
Abstract
Technology can change the nature of learning environment. Moreover, different modes of education enhance the ways in which school children learn. Nowadays, the classroom technology includes interactive learning technology, for example, electronic book (e-book) technology. The e-book is a book that is displayed on a computer screen or on an electronic device that is held in the hand, instead of being printed on paper. Acceptance of a new technology such as e-book technology is important for school children in Malaysia. Despite many claimed benefits, the school children would not accept technology without interaction with a computer. The purpose of this study is to identify determinants of usability and interface factors of Children Computer Interaction (CCI) leading to e-book behaviour intention to use for school children. Through the theoretical background unification of behaviour use intention, in particular, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and interdisciplinary literature review relevant to e-book technology, a comprehensive set of constructs and their interrelationship were found as research hypotheses. The research hypotheses build the development of measurement framework, which was specified in an instrument. To find the importance of factors incorporated in the proposed framework, the data is collected by conducting a survey through a structured questionnaire-based instrument comprising 5-point Likert-type scale and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is applied. The results from this study analyses are discussed and a future research is suggested.
Keywords
References
Abbad, M. (2011). A conceptual model of factors affecting e-learning adoption. Proceedings of the 2011 Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2011 IEEE. 4-6 April 2011. 1108-1119.
Ahmadi, H., Ibrahim, O., & Nilashi, M. (2015c). Investigating a New Framework for Hospital Information System Adoption: A Case on Malaysia. Journal of Soft Computing and Decision Support Systems, 2(2), 26-33.
Ahmadi, H., Nilashi, M., & Ibrahim, O. (2015a). Organizational decision to adopt hospital information system: An empirical investigation in the case of Malaysian public hospitals. International journal of medical informatics.
Ahmadi, H., Nilashi, M., & Ibrahim, O. (2015b). Prioritizing Critical Factors to Successful Adoption of Total Hospital Information System. Journal of Soft Computing and Decision Support Systems, 2(4), 6-16.
Ahmadi, H., Rad, M. S., Almaee, A., Nilashi, M., Ibrahim, O., Dahlan, H. M., & Zakaria, R. (2014). Ranking the macro-level critical success factors of electronic medical record adoption using fuzzy AHP method. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 8(1), 35-42.
Ahmadi, H., Rad, M. S., Nilashi, M., Ibrahim, O., & Almaee, A. (2013). Ranking The Micro Level Critical Factors Of Electronic Medical Records Adoption Using Topsis Method. Health Informatics, 4(2).
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ajzen, I. and Madden, T. J. (1985). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of experimental social psychology, 22(5), 453-474.
Anjaneyulu, K., Singer, R. and Harding, R. (1998). Usability studies of a remedial multimedia system. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 7(2), 207-236.
Antón, C., Camarero, C. and RodrÃguez, J. (2013). Usefulness, Enjoyment, and Selfâ€Image Congruence: The Adoption of eâ€Book Readers. Psychology & Marketing, 30(4), 372-384.
Bong, M. and Skaalvik, E. M. (2003). Academic self-concept and self-efficacy: How different are they really? Educational psychology review, 15(1), 1-40.
Chang, C.-C., Yan, C.-F. and Tseng, J.-S. (2012). Perceived convenience in an extended technology acceptance model: Mobile technology and English learning for college students. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 28(5), 809-826.
Chau, M. (2008). The effects of electronic books designed for children in education. Scroll, 1(1), 1–4.
Cheon, J. and Grant, M. M. (2012). The effects of metaphorical interface on germane cognitive load in web-based instruction. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60(3), 399-420.
Chin, J. P., Diehl, V. A. and Norman, K. L. (1988). Development of an instrument measuring user satisfaction of the human-computer interface. Proceedings of the 1988 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. June 15-19, 1988. Washington, D.C., USA, 213-218.
Cho, V., Cheng, T. and Lai, W. (2009). The role of perceived user-interface design in continued usage intention of self-paced e-learning tools. Computers & Education, 53(2), 216-227.
Davis Jr, F. D. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results. Doctor Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Q., 13(3), 319-340.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P. and Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models. Management science, 35(8), 982-1003.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P. and Warshaw, P. R. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to use computers in the workplace1. Journal of applied social psychology, 22(14), 1111-1132.
Deshpande, Y., Bhattacharya, S. and Yammiyavar, P. (2012). A behavioral approach to modeling Indian children's ability of adopting to e-learning environment. Proceedings of the 2012 Intelligent Human Computer Interaction (IHCI), 2012 4th International Conference on. 27-29 Dec. 2012. Kharagpur, 1-7.
Dillon, A. and Morris, M. G. (1998). From" can they" to" will they?": Extending usability evaluation to address acceptance. Proceedings of the 1998 International Forum on Information and Documentation. 2006-07-26.
Ding S., and Shi Z., “Studies on Incident Pattern Recognition Based on Information Entropyâ€, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 497-294, (2005).
Dix, A., Finlay, J. E., Abowd, G. D. and Beale, R. (2003). Human-Computer Interaction (3rd Edition) (3rd ed.). Essex, England: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Dündar, H. and Akçayır, M. (2014). Implementing tablet PCs in schools: Students’ attitudes and opinions. Computers in Human Behavior, 32(0), 40-46.
Elyazgi, M. G., Mahrin, M. N. r., Rahim, N. Z. A. and Imtiaz, M. A. (2014). Feasibility Study of Tablet PC Acceptance Among School Children in Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, 69(2).
Elyazgi, M., Ibrahim, O., Nilashi, M., Elyazgi, S., Abu-Ulbeh, W., & Rayhan, A. (2015). Investigating a Theoretical Framework for E-book Technology Acceptance. Journal of Soft Computing and Decision Support Systems, 2(5), 16-23.
Embong, A. M., Noor, A. M., Hashim, H. M., Ali, R. M. and Shaari, Z. H. (2012). E-Books as Textbooks in the Classroom. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47(0), 1802-1809.
Engen, B. K., Giæver, T. H. and Mifsud, L. (2014). iPads in Context: Interaction Design for Schools. Proceedings of the 2014 Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. Mar 17, 2014. Chesapeake, VA, USA, 1633-1640.
Evans, C. and Gibbons, N. J. (2007). The interactivity effect in multimedia learning. Computers & Education, 49(4), 1147-1160.
Faizi, W.-u.-N., Shakil, A. F. and Sidra tul, M. (2013). The Effects of Using Educational Technology in Private Secondary Schools of Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(4), 163-171.
Felvégi, E. and Matthew, K. I. (2012). eBooks and Literacy in K–12 Schools. Computers in the Schools, 29(1-2), 40-52.
Fischer, G. (2001). User Modeling in Human–Computer Interaction. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 11(1-2), 65-86.
Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. (6 ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fridin, M. and Belokopytov, M. (2014). Acceptance of socially assistive humanoid robot by preschool and elementary school teachers. Computers in Human Behavior, 33(0), 23-31.
Fu, F.-L., Chou, H.-G. and Yu, S.-C. (2007). Activate interaction relationships between students acceptance behavior and e-learning Advances in Data and Web Management (pp. 670-677). Huang Shan, China: Springer.
Gerlach, J. and Buxmann, P. (2013). Analyzing Electronic Book Acceptance: A Compatibility Perspective. Proceedings of the 2013 System Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on. 7-10 Jan. Wailea, HI, USA, 2813-2822.
Grimshaw, S., Dungworth, N., McKnight, C. and Morris, A. (2007). Electronic books: children’s reading and comprehension. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(4), 583-599.
Hall, J., Chamblee, G. and Slough, S. (2012). Implications of Interactive Whiteboards Research for the Mathematics Classrooms. Proceedings of the 2012 Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2012 Austin, Texas, USA, 4825-4830.
Hanna, L., Risden, K., Czerwinski, M. and Alexander, K. J. (1999). The role of usability research in designing children’s computer products. The design of children’s technology, 3-26.
Hasan, B. and Ahmed, M. U. (2007). Effects of interface style on user perceptions and behavioral intention to use computer systems. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(6), 3025-3037.
Heijden, H. v. d. (2004). User Acceptance of Hedonic Information Systems. MIS Quarterly, 28(4), 695-704.
Hiramatsu, A. and Nose, K. (2013). Behavior Analysis of Video Hosting Website Users Based on an Extended Technology Acceptance Model. In T. Matsuo & R. Colomo-Palacios (Eds.), Electronic Business and Marketing (pp. 125-136). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer
Hsu, C.-L. and Lu, H.-P. (2004). Why do people play on-line games? An extended TAM with social influences and flow experience. Information & Management, 41(7), 853-868.
Hussey, J. H., R. (1997). Business research: a practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. International Small Business Journal, 15(4), 103-105.
Hwang, C.L. Yoon, K.P., “Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applicationsâ€, Springer. Verlag, New York, (1981).
Igbaria, M., Iivari, J. and Maragahh, H. (1995). Why do individuals use computer technology? A Finnish case study. Information & Management, 29(5), 227-238.
Ip, K., Chu, S. and Sit, D. K. N. (2008). Primary students' reading habits of printed and e-books. Paper presented at the International Association of School Librarianship.
John, B. E. and Kieras, D. E. (1996). Using GOMS for user interface design and evaluation: Which technique? ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 3(4), 287-319.
Jong, M. T. and Bus, A. G. (2004). The efficacy of electronic books in fostering kindergarten children's emergent story understanding. Reading Research Quarterly, 39(4), 378-393.
Joo, Y. J., Lee, H. W. and Ham, Y. (2014). Integrating user interface and personal innovativeness into the TAM for mobile learning in Cyber University. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 26(2), 1-16.
Keil, M., Beranek, P. M. and Konsynski, B. R. (1995). Usefulness and ease of use: field study evidence regarding task considerations. Decision Support Systems, 13(1), 75-91.
Kim, R. H. (2015). E-Learning in Education: Differences in Test Performance Between Print Books and E-Books. Proceedings of the 2015 2015 AAAS Annual Meeting. 12-16 February 2015. San Jose, CA, USA,
Korat, O. and Shamir, A. (2008). The educational electronic book as a tool for supporting children’s emergent literacy in low versus middle SES groups. Computers & Education, 50(1), 110-124.
Kucirkova, N., Messer, D., Sheehy, K. and Fernández Panadero, C. (2014). Children's engagement with educational iPad apps: Insights from a Spanish classroom. Computers & Education, 71(0), 175-184.
Lam, P., Lam, S. L., Lam, J. and McNaught, C. (2009). Usability and usefulness of eBooks on PPCs: How students' opinions vary over time. Australasian journal of educational technology, 25(1), 30-44.
Lee, D. Y. and Lehto, M. R. (2013). User acceptance of YouTube for procedural learning: An extension of the Technology Acceptance Model. Computers & Education, 61(0), 193-208.
Lee, M. K. O., Cheung, C. M. K. and Chen, Z. (2005). Acceptance of Internet-based learning medium: the role of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Information & Management, 42(8), 1095-1104.
Lee, M.-C. (2009). Understanding the behavioural intention to play online games: an extension of the theory of planned behaviour. Online Information Review, 33(5), 849-872.
Lee, S. (2013). An integrated adoption model for e-books in a mobile environment: Evidence from South Korea. Telematics and Informatics, 30(2), 165-176.
Lee, Y., Kozar, K. A. and Larsen, K. R. T. (2003). The technology acceptance model: Past, present, and future. [Article]. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 12(50), 752-780.
Letchumanan, M. and Muniandy, B. (2013). Migrating to e-book: a study on perceived usefulness and ease of use. Library Hi Tech News, 30(7), 10-16.
Letchumanan, M. and Tarmizi, R. (2011). Assessing the intention to use eâ€book among engineering undergraduates in Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Library Hi Tech, 29(3), 512-528.
Lewis, J. R. (1995). IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: psychometric evaluation and instructions for use. International Journal of Humanâ€Computer Interaction, 7(1), 57-78.
Malhotra, Y. and Galletta, D. F. (1999). Extending the technology acceptance model to account for social influence: theoretical bases and empirical validation. Proceedings of the 1999 Systems Sciences, 1999. HICSS-32. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on. 5-8 Jan. Maui, HI, USA, 1-14.
Marangunić, N. and Granić, A. (2014). Technology acceptance model: a literature review from 1986 to 2013. Universal Access in the Information Society, 14(1), 1-15.
Markopoulos, P., Read, J., Hoÿsniemi, J. and MacFarlane, S. (2008). Child computer interaction: advances in methodological research. Cognition, Technology & Work, 10(2), 79-81.
Masrom, M. (2007). Technology acceptance model and e-learning.
Maynard, S. and Cheyne, E. (2005). Can electronic textbooks help children to learn? Electronic Library, The, 23(1), 103-115.
Miller, E. B. and Warschauer, M. (2013). Young children and e-reading: research to date and questions for the future. Learning, Media and Technology, 39(3), 283-305.
Moran, M. J. (2006). College student's acceptance of tablet personal computers: A modification of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model. Doctor of Philosophy, Capella University, Ann Arbor.
Moran, M., Hawkes, M. and El Gayar, O. (2010). Tablet personal computer integration in higher education: Applying the unified theory of acceptance and use technology model to understand supporting factors. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 42(1), 79-101.
Nasri, W. and Charfeddine, L. (2012). An Exploration of Facebook.Com Adoption in Tunisia Using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research In Business, 4(5), 948-968.
Nielsen, J. (1994). Usability engineering (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA, USA: Morgan Kaufmann, Elsevier.
Nilashi, M., & Ibrahim, O. B. (2014). A model for detecting customer level intentions to purchase in B2C websites using TOPSIS and fuzzy logic rule-based system. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 39(3), 1907-1922.
Nilashi, M., & Janahmadi, N. (2012). Assessing and prioritizing affecting factors in e-learning websites using AHP method and fuzzy approach. In Information and Knowledge Management (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 46-61).
Nilashi, M., Bagherifard, K., Ibrahim, O., Janahmadi, N., & Alizadeh, H. (2012). A multi-criteria approach to the evaluation of Malaysian government portal. Journal of theoretical and applied information technology, 40(2), 194-201.
Nilashi, M., Bagherifard, K., Ibrahim, O., Janahmadi, N., & Barisami, M. (2011a). An application expert system for evaluating effective factors on trust in B2C. Engineering, 3(11), 1063.
Nilashi, M., Fathian, M., Gholamian, M. R., & Ibrahim, O. B. (2011c). Propose a model for customer purchase decision in B2C websites using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), 2(1), 1-18.
Nilashi, M., Fathian, M., Gholamian, M. R., bin Ibrahim, O., & Khoshraftar, A. (2011b). The Identification Level of Security, Usability and Transparency Effects on Trust in B2C Commercial Websites Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEMS (IJAE), 126.
Nilashi, M., Fathian, M., Gholamian, M. R., bin Ibrahim, O., Talebi, A., & Ithnin, N. (2011d). A comparative study of adaptive neuro fuzzy inferences system (ANFIS) and fuzzy inference system (FIS) approach for trust in B2C electronic commerce websites. JCIT, 6(9), 25-43.
Nilashi, M., Ibrahim, O., Barisami, M., Janahmadi, N., & Ithnin, N. (2011e). Developing a framework for exploring factors affecting on trust in m-commerce using analytic hierarchy process. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems, 2(8), 59-70.
Nilashi, M., Ibrahim, O., Mirabi, V. R., Ebrahimi, L., & Zare, M. (2015a). The role of Security, Design and Content factors on customer trust in mobile commerce. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 26, 57-69.
Nilashi, M., Zakaria, R., Ibrahim, O., Majid, M. Z. A., Zin, R. M., & Farahmand, M. (2014b). MCPCM: A DEMATEL-ANP-Based Multi-criteria Decision-Making Approach to Evaluate the Critical Success Factors in Construction Projects. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 40(2), 343-361.
Nilashi, M., Zakaria, R., Ibrahim, O., Majid, M. Z. A., Zin, R. M., Chugtai, M. W., ... & Yakubu, D. A. (2015b). A knowledge-based expert system for assessing the performance level of green buildings. Knowledge-Based Systems, 86, 194-209.
Noor, A. M., Embong, A. M. and Abdullah, M. R. T. L. (2012). E-Books in Malaysian Primary Schools: The Terengganu Chapter. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 6(6), 1106-1109.
Orji, R. O. (2010). Effect of academic discipline on technology acceptance. Proceedings of the 2010 Education and Management Technology (ICEMT), 2010 International Conference on. 2-4 Nov. 2010. 617-621.
Oxford. (2011). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2011).
Pai, F.-Y. and Huang, K.-I. (2011). Applying the Technology Acceptance Model to the introduction of healthcare information systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(4), 650-660.
Park, E. and Pobil, A. (2013). Technology Acceptance Model for the Use of Tablet PCs. Wireless Personal Communications, 73(4), 1561-1572.
Park, Y. and Chen, J. V. (2007). Acceptance and adoption of the innovative use of smartphone. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 107(9), 1349-1365.
Pedersen, P. E. and Nysveen, H. (2003). Usefulness and self-expressiveness: extending TAM to explain the adoption of a mobile parking service. Proceedings of the 2003 16th Electronic Commerce Conference, Bled, Slovenia, June, 9-11.
Phadung, M., Suksakulchai, S. and Kaewprapan, W. (2012). The design framework of interactive storybook support early literacy learning for ethnic minority children. Proceedings of the 2012 World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science. 24-26 October San Francisco, USA, 1-4.
Phillips, D. (2012). How to develop a user interface that your real users will love. Computers in Libraries, 32(7), 6-15.
Poon, W.-C., Low, K. L.-T. and Yong, D. G.-F. (2004). A study of Web-based learning (WBL) environment in Malaysia. International Journal of Educational Management, 18(6), 374-385.
Rahim, N. Z. A. and Bakar, N. H. A. (2014). e-Book use by Malaysian primary school children. Proceedings of the 2014 Digital Information and Communication Technology and it's Applications (DICTAP), 2014 Fourth International Conference on. 6-8 May 2014. Bangkok, 109-113.
Ramayah, T. (2006). Interface Characteristics, Perceived Ease of Use and Intention to Use an Online Library in Malaysia. Information Development, 22(2), 123-133.
Ramayah, T. and Ignatius, J. (2005). Impact of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and perceived enjoyment on intention to shop online. ICFAI Journal of Systems Management (IJSM), 3(3), 36-51.
Ray, K. and Satran, A. (1995). Interactivity by design–Creating and communicating with new media: Adobe Press, Mountain View.
Revilla, M. A., Saris, W. E. and Krosnick, J. A. (2014). Choosing the Number of Categories in Agree–Disagree Scales. Sociological Methods & Research, 43(1), 73-97.
Ronimus, M., Kujala, J., Tolvanen, A. and Lyytinen, H. (2014). Children's engagement during digital game-based learning of reading: The effects of time, rewards, and challenge. Computers & Education, 71(0), 237-246.
Roskos, K., Brueck, J. and Widman, S. (2009). Investigating Analytic Tools for e-Book Design in Early Literacy Learning. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 8(3), 218-240.
Roskos, K., Burstein, K., Shang, Y. and Gray, E. (2014). Young Children’s Engagement With E-Books at School. SAGE Open, 4(1), 1-9.
Shamir, A. and Korat, O. (2006). How to Select CDâ€ROM Storybooks for Young Children: The Teacher's Role. The Reading Teacher, 59(6), 532-543.
Shannon CE, Weaver W. “The mathematical theory of communicationâ€. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, (1947).
Sharp, H., Rogers, Y. and Preece, J. (2007). Interaction design: beyond human-computer interaction. 2002, 11(4), 34.
Shneiderman, B. and Hochheiser, H. (2001). Universal usability as a stimulus to advanced interface design. Behaviour & Information Technology, 20(5), 367-376.
Shroff, R. H., Deneen, C. and Ng, E. M. (2011). Analysis of the technology acceptance model in examining students' behavioural intention to use an e-portfolio system. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(4), 600-618.
Siegenthaler, E., Wurtz, P. and Groner, R. (2010). Improving the usability of E-book readers. Journal of Usability Studies, 6(1), 25-38.
Standardization, I. O. f. (1998). ISO 9241-11. Switzerland: Multiple. Distributed through American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Taylor, S. and Todd, P. (1995). Assessing IT Usage: The Role of Prior Experience. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 561-570.
Taylor, S. and Todd, P. A. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Information systems research, 6(2), 144-176.
Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., Senecal, C. and Vallieres, E. F. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and a motivation in education. Educational and psychological measurement, 52(4), 1003-1017.
Van der Heijden, H. (2004). User acceptance of hedonic information systems. MIS quarterly, 28(4), 695-704.
Venkatesh, V. and Bala, H. (2008). Technology Acceptance Model 3 and a Research Agenda on Interventions. Decision Sciences, 39(2), 273-315.
Venkatesh, V. and Davis, F. D. (1996). A Model of the Antecedents of Perceived Ease of Use: Development and Test*. Decision Sciences, 27(3), 451-481.
Venkatesh, V. and Davis, F. D. (2000). A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186-204.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B. and Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
Wang, C.-M. and Huang, C.-H. (2015). A study of usability principles and interface design for mobile e-books. Ergonomics, 58(8), 1-13.
Wang, P.-Y. and Wang, H.-F. (2013). The effects of e-book interactivity design on 4th graders’ language learning. Paper presented at the World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2013, Victoria, Canada.
Wang, P.-Y. and Yang, H.-C. (2014). The impact of e-book interactivity design on children's Chinese character acquisition. Interactive Learning Environments, 22(4), 1-15.
Warshaw, P. R. and Davis, F. D. (1985). Disentangling behavioral intention and behavioral expectation. Journal of experimental social psychology, 21(3), 213-228.
Wen, J.-r., Chuang, M. K. and Cheng, K.-M. (2011). Using the future classroom and discussion of E-book study result. Paper presented at the Global Learn 2011, Melbourne, Australia.
Williams, F., Rice, R. E. and Rogers, E. M. (1988). Research methods and the new media (1st ed.). New York, USA: Simon and Schuster.
Yaghoubi, N.-M. (2010). Factors Affecting the Adoption of Online Banking-An Integration of Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(9), P159.
Yoon, K., “Systems selection by multiple attribute decision makingâ€, Ph.D. Dissertation. Kansas State University, (1980).
Yousafzai, S. Y., Foxall, G. R. and Pallister, J. G. (2007). Technology acceptance: a meta-analysis of the TAM: Part 1. Journal of Modelling in Management, 2(3), 251-280.
Zeleny M., “Multiple criteria decision makingâ€, New York: McGraw-Hill, (1982).
Zou Z, Sun J, and Ren G., “Study and Application on the Entropy Method for Determination of Weight of Evaluating Indicators in Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation for Water Quality Assessmentâ€, ACTA Scientiae Circumstantiae, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 552 – 556, (2005).
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.